Legal Definitions: A Research Guide for Congressional Staff

"This report is designed to introduce congressional staff to examples of legal and nonlegal sources, including statutes, legislation, and dictionaries, for researching legal definitions. It includes governmental sources, such as the United States Code (U.S. Code), the Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.), and congressional legislation. Proprietary information sources are also included..."
Legal Definitions 

2024 Kids Count Data Book

"This year’s publication continues to present national and state data across four domains — economic well-being, education, health and family and community — and ranks states in overall child well-being. The report includes pre-pandemic figures as well as more recent statistics, and shares the latest information of its kind available.

THE CURRENT STATE OF CHILD CARE IN THE UNITED STATES

America's child care system is broken. Safe, reliable child care has largely been inaccessible and unaffordable for too many Americans. Disparities between who can and can't afford child care reflect long-standing structural inequities in the United States. Shift workers, single parents, student parents and families of color are particularly affected by the failings of the child care system. Children are deprived of nurturing care, and caregivers are prevented from earning money to meet basic needs.

The child care system's inadequacies hinder family economic mobility and perpetuate generational wealth gaps. Affordability impacts accessibility, and the cost of child care has tripled since the publication of the first KIDS COUNT Data Book in 1990. The inability to access care can force caregivers to have to leave work early, be late for work or miss days entirely. Even more troubling: Almost a quarter of parents report being fired because of difficulties accessing child care. It's a cycle: Child care is inaccessible, the parent loses their job, which makes affording child care to secure a new job even more difficult.."
Kids Count Data 

Wisconsin 2022 Census of Agriculture Highlights

"When people think about Wisconsin agriculture, they immediately think of Wisconsin as a leader in dairy farms and cheese production. As of December 31, 2022, Wisconsin had 6,216 dairy farms, and in 2022 Wisconsin produced just over 5.2 billion pounds of cheese.

But results from the 2022 Census of Agriculture show that Wisconsin agriculture offers much more than dairy products and leads the country in several diverse categories.

According to the 2022 Census of Agriculture, Wisconsin is #1 in the following categories:

• ginseng acres
• beet acres for vegetable processing
• Chinese pea acres
• cranberry acres
• snap bean acres
• corn for silage acres
• milk goats
• mink

In addition, with just over 234,000 acres harvested for vegetables, Wisconsin leads its surrounding neighboring states in vegetable acres harvested.

Here’s a little more about Wisconsin ag: the state has 58,521 farms, 13.7 million acres of land in farms, and about 105,920 producers. In 2022, Wisconsin farms produced $16.7 billion of agricultural products and ranked 10^th among states for value of products produced. Just over 26% of Wisconsin producers in 2022 were new and beginning farmers.

Thank you, Wisconsin producers, for responding to the 2022 Census of Agriculture! Wisconsin ranked second in response rate to the ever important, once-every-five-year ag census.

Visit the Wisconsin state and county agriculture profiles for more 2022 Census of Agriculture data..."
2022 Wisconsin Census of Agriculture 

Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2022

"View or download the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2022 (published April 2024) report, developed by the U.S. Government to meet annual commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and also the Paris Agreement.

Read or download the entire Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2022 (PDF, 15.0 MB) or individual report chapters posted below. All data tables in the report will be available in CSV format soon.

Recommended citation: EPA (2024). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 430R-24004. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2022.

You may need a PDF reader to view some of the files on this page. See EPA’s About PDF page to learn more."
Greenhouse Gas Emissions 

Fentanyl Facts

"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is up to 50 times stronger than heroin and 100 times stronger than morphine. It is a major contributor to fatal and nonfatal overdoses in the U.S.¹

There are two types of fentanyl: pharmaceutical fentanyl and illegally made fentanyl. Both are considered synthetic opioids. Pharmaceutical fentanyl is prescribed by doctors to treat severe pain, especially after surgery and for advanced-stage cancer.

However, most recent cases of fentanyl-related overdose are linked to illegally made fentanyl, which is distributed through illegal drug markets for its heroin-like effect. It is often added to other drugs because of its extreme potency, which makes drugs cheaper, more powerful, more addictive, and more dangerous.

Illegally made fentanyl

Illegally made fentanyl (IMF) is available on the drug market in different forms, including liquid and powder¹.

Powdered fentanyl looks just like many other drugs. It is commonly mixed with drugs like heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine and made into pills that are made to resemble other prescription opioids. Fentanyl-laced drugs are extremely dangerous, and many people may be unaware that their drugs are laced with fentanyl.

In its liquid form, IMF can be found in nasal sprays, eye drops, and dropped onto paper or small candies.

Fentanyl and Overdose

Fentanyl and other synthetic opioids are the most common drugs involved in overdose deaths.¹ Even in small doses, it can be deadly. Over 150 people die every day from overdoses related to synthetic opioids like fentanyl.²

Drugs may contain deadly levels of fentanyl, and you wouldn’t be able to see it, taste it, or smell it. It is nearly impossible to tell if drugs have been laced with fentanyl unless you test your drugs with fentanyl test strips.

Test strips are inexpensive and typically give results within 5 minutes, which can be the difference between life or death. Even if the test is negative, take caution as test strips might not detect more potent fentanyl-like drugs, like carfentanil.^"."
Fentanyl 

Justice Outcomes Explorer (JOE)

"The Justice Outcomes Explorer (JOE) is a Census Bureau experimental data product that measures the economic and health outcomes of people who have been involved with the criminal justice system.

Criminal justice involvement can include criminal charges, prison releases, and probation and parole sentences. Outcomes measured include employment, earnings, government program participation, and mortality.

JOE is a collaboration between the U.S. Census Bureau and the University of Michigan that uses Criminal Justice Administrative Records System (CJARS) data to better understand how people involved in the justice system reintegrate into society.

JOE covers criminal justice system involvement at any point between 2000 and 2020. Actual coverage of justice involvement depends on the coverage of agencies in the CJARS data, while coverage of outcomes depends on the availability of source data at the Census Bureau.

Data users can download JOE data below or interact directly with the JOE data using the data visualization tool hosted by the University of Michigan. The tool includes additional justice-related outcomes created from CJARS without Census Bureau data..."
Justice Outcomes Explorer 

Elder Fraud, in Focus

"The FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center (or IC3) released the 2023 edition of its annual Elder Fraud Report on April 30, 2024.

Elder fraud complaints to the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (or IC3) increased by 14% in 2023, and associated losses increased by about 11%, according to IC3’s 2023 Elder Fraud Report, released April 30.  

This annual publication provides statistics about incidents of elder fraud—or fraud that explicitly targets older Americans’ money or cryptocurrency—that are reported to IC3. The report aims to raise the public’s awareness of this issue and to prevent future and repeat incidents. 

“Combatting the financial exploitation of those over 60 years of age continues to be a priority of the FBI,” wrote FBI Assistant Director Michael D. Nordwall, who leads the Bureau’s Criminal Investigative Division, in the report. “Along with our partners, we continually work to aid victims and to identify and investigate the individuals and criminal organizations that perpetrate these schemes and target the elderly.” 

And elder fraud is probably a more insidious threat than the report shows. Many of these crimes likely go unreported, and, as the report states, “only about half” of the fraud scam complaints submitted to IC3 in 2023 included victims’ ages..."
Elder Fraud 

Investigating Torture: FBI-HSI Investigation Leads to U.S. Citizen’s Conviction for Human Rights Violations in Iraq

"A U.S. Army veteran who established an illegal weapons facility in the Kurdistan region of Iraq— and who proceeded to both direct and engage in the torture of one of his employees—has been sentenced to 70 years in federal prison for those crimes and for additional crimes linked to his role at the facility.

Ross Roggio of Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, directed Kurdish soldiers kidnap an employee and hold him hostage at one of their military compounds for 39 days. There, Roggio and the Kurdish military personnel under his corrupt command physically and mentally abused the victim.

The victim was an Estonian national who worked at the factory, but who planned to blow the whistle on the illegal activities going on there, explained Supervisory Special Agent Crystal Stevens of the FBI’s International Human Rights Unit. In response, Roggio not only directed the victim’s abduction and abuse, but also forced fellow employees to watch the abuse as a deterrent tactic.

The abuses first came to light amid a preexisting counterproliferation case against Roggio. After investigators finished interviewing one former factory employee—a woman from Estonia—she turned over a cellphone audio recording of Roggio that implicated him for torture.."
US Tortue in Iraq 

Overtime Rule

"One of the basic principles of the American workplace is that a hard day’s work deserves a fair day’s pay. Simply put, every worker’s time has value. A cornerstone of that promise is the Fair Labor Standards Act’s (FLSA) requirement that when most workers work more than 40 hours in a week, they get paid more. The Department of Labor’s new overtime regulation is restoring and extending this promise for millions more lower-paid salaried workers in the U.S.

Overtime protections have been a critical part of the FLSA since 1938 and were established to protect workers from exploitation and to benefit workers, their families and our communities. Strong overtime protections help build America’s middle class and ensure that workers are not overworked and underpaid.

Some workers are specifically exempt from the FLSA’s minimum wage and overtime protections, including bona fide executive, administrative or professional employees. This exemption, typically referred to as the “EAP” exemption, applies when: 

1. An employee is paid a salary,  

2. The salary is not less than a minimum salary threshold amount, and 

3. The employee primarily performs executive, administrative or professional duties.

While the department increased the minimum salary required for the EAP exemption from overtime pay every 5 to 9 years between 1938 and 1975, long periods between increases to the salary requirement after 1975 have caused an erosion of the real value of the salary threshold, lessening its effectiveness in helping to identify exempt EAP employees.."
Overtime  

Healthier Foods, Healthier Minds

"..Right now, schools across our country are serving breakfasts and lunches to nearly 30 million children every day. Healthy school meals that represent the main source of nutrition for more than half of these students and are an essential part of the educational landscape — like teachers, books, or computers – helping to unlock kids’ full potential in and out of the classroom.

It is no surprise that poor nutrition and diet-related diseases are correlated with lower academic achievement, worse health outcomes, and more behavioral problems for kids. We recognize the tremendous work that educators and school nutrition professionals do every day to ensure our children are fueled to thrive. Healthy school meals are an essential element of a quality education and are a part of the solution to promote children’s health. We know that this work is not easy, which is why the Biden-Harris Administration has made historic investments to help schools provide healthy and nutritious meals to students.

School breakfast offers the jump start to a great day. It sets the tone for the rest of the day, especially for children. It’s why kids who eat breakfast have increased alertness and improved moods throughout the morning, fostering a better learning experience. What’s more, studies find that students who participate in school meal programs consume more whole grains, milk, fruits, and vegetables during mealtimes and enjoy better overall diet quality.

These pivotal updates we are making to school nutrition standards have been shaped by a host of stakeholders, including parents, devoted teachers, school administrators, school nutrition directors, and industry leaders, and are informed by the latest Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

These new standards allow us to take the next step in putting kids’ health at the forefront by:

• Reducing the amounts of added sugars in school meals, especially at breakfast.
• Making it easier to offer healthy proteins at breakfast.
• Scaling back sodium levels over time.
• Continuing to emphasize fruits and vegetables, as well as whole grains, to give kids the right balance of nutrients for healthy, tasty meals..."
  Healthier Foods 

United States Statutes at Large

"About the United States Statutes at Large

The United States Statutes at Large, typically referred to as the Statutes at Large, is the permanent collection of all laws and resolutions enacted during each session of Congress. The Statutes at Large is prepared and published by the Office of the Federal Register (OFR), National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) .

Under the provisions of 1 U.S.C. 112, the printed edition of the Statutes at Large is legal evidence of the laws, concurrent resolutions, proclamations by the President, and proposed and ratified amendments to the Constitution. Read More

Note that appendix volumes are presented with the corresponding main volume: 68A, 70A, 76A, 77A

Browse the United States Statutes at Large.."
Statutes at Large 

New Report on the Nation’s Foreign-Born Population

"April 9, 2024 — From 2010 to 2022, the nation’s foreign-born population increased by 15.6%. According to a new report The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2022 released by the U.S. Census Bureau today, the foreign-born population was 46.2 million (13.9% of the total population) in 2022 compared to 40.0 million (12.9% of the total population) in 2010.

The report compares 2010 and 2022 American Community Survey (ACS), 1-year estimates to provide insight into the changing composition of the foreign-born population in the United States. The foreign-born population consists of anyone living in the United States who was not a U.S. citizen at birth, including naturalized U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents (immigrants), temporary migrants such as foreign students, humanitarian migrants (for example, refugees and asylees) and unauthorized migrants.

Other highlights from the report:

• From 2010 to 2022, the total foreign-born population increased by 15.6%. In Delaware, North Dakota, South Dakota and West Virginia, the foreign-born populations grew by 40% or more.
• From 2010 to 2022, the median age of the foreign-born population increased by over 5 years (from 41.4 to 46.7), while the median age of the native population rose by only 1 year (from 35.9 to 36.9).
• A higher percentage of foreign-born individuals completed high school or higher in 2022 (75.1%) than in 2010 (68.3%).

The Census Bureau also released a data visualization, Highlights of the Foreign-Born Population, and related America Counts story, Where Do Immigrants Live? How Immigrants Have Dispersed Throughout the Country. These products feature 2018-2022 ACS, 5-year estimates on the foreign-born population at various levels of geography (national, state and county).."
Foreign-Born Population 

Legal Treatment of Embryos Created Through IVF: Australia • France • Germany • Italy • New Zealand Poland • Portugal • Sweden • United Kingdom

"Comparative Summary
Kelly Buchanan Chief, Foreign, Comparative, and International Law Division II

This report, prepared by staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate of the Law Library of Congress, surveys the rules in select jurisdictions regarding embryos created through artificial reproductive technology treatment cycles, such as those involving in vitro fertilization (IVF). The countries surveyed include Australia and New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and six European countries: France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden.

The individual country surveys examine whether there is a legal limit on the number of embryos that can be created or transferred in a treatment cycle, and the actions that can be taken with respect to the embryos created (apart from transfer to a person’s uterus as part of that cycle), including preimplantation genetic testing, sex selection for nonmedical purposes, cryopreservation and storage, donation to another person or couple, disposal or destruction, and allowing the embryos to be used for research purposes. This is intended to be a high-level survey, and it is recognized that countries may have detailed rules related to, for example, consent and counseling requirements, record-keeping and reporting, the collection and use of donor gametes, surrogacy, and restrictions and requirements related to embryo research.

Aspects of the country surveys are summarized in the table below. The storage time limits relate to the storage of embryos for the purpose of possible use in subsequent treatment cycles; some jurisdictions, such as the United Kingdom and Sweden, have separate time limits where storage is for the purpose of using the embryos for research. In addition, in almost all the countries that have a legal limit on storage duration, extensions may be granted by the relevant authorities.

As shown in the table, Italy, Germany, and Poland have the most restrictive rules of the jurisdictions surveyed. In these countries, the rules limit or discourage the creation of multiple excess embryos. However, while in Italy and Germany the ability to donate embryos to another person or couple is prohibited or highly restricted, such donation is required in Poland after the storage time limit is reached. These three countries do not permit research involving or disposal of excess embryos. Aspects of the laws in Germany are currently under review by a commission established by the government. The law in Italy is complex and there is uncertainty regarding some aspects, with certain restrictions having been declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court.

All the other jurisdictions surveyed allow for excess embryos to be discarded, and disposal is required in several jurisdictions when the storage limits have been reached. This includes one Australian state, France, New Zealand, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.."
Embryos and IVF 

Broadband Consumer Labels

"Broadband Labels (Internet de Banda Ancha Etiquetas - en español) are designed to provide clear, easy-to-understand, and accurate information about the cost and performance of high-speed internet services. The labels are modeled after the FDA nutrition labels and are intended to help consumers comparison shop for the internet service plan that will best meet their needs and budget. Internet service providers that offer home, or fixed, internet services, or mobile broadband plans are required to have a label for each service plan they offer.

Beginning April 10, 2024, consumers should look for broadband labels at any point of sale, including online and in stores. The labels must disclose important information about broadband prices, introductory rates, data allowances, and broadband speeds. They also include links to information about network management practices and privacy policies.

A glossary (glosario en español) is available to help consumers better understand the information displayed on the label. To review a sample home internet, or fixed, label created by the FCC, download the home internet label in PDF format. You can also review a sample mobile broadband label in PDF format.

While many providers will begin displaying their labels in April, providers with less than 100,000 subscribers have until Oct. 10, 2024, to comply with the FCC rules to display broadband labels at their points of sale.."
Internet consumer labels 

The Federal Trade Commission 2023 Privacy and Data Security Update

"The past three years have been a tremendously busy period for the Commission, and I am particularly proud of our accomplishments in the areas of privacy and data security. We have worked vigorously to ensure that the law has equal force across the digital ecosystem, rising to the challenges presented by new technologies and seeking meaningful remedies that establish critical standards for protecting consumers’ information, rather than placing the burden on consumers to protect themselves. This is an area that demands an all-hands-on-deck response, and as the examples in the report show, the Commission is using every tool it has to safeguard consumers’ rights. To highlight a few of the agency’s achievements:

• Artificial Intelligence: The Commission has been leading efforts to ensure that AI and similar technologies are not deployed in harmful ways. In addition to obtaining orders against Rite Aid, Ring, and Amazon to ensure that companies are disincentivized from using data that was wrongfully collected or trained to develop AI, we have initiated a market study of social media and video streaming platforms on the use of AI, announced a public contest to develop new approaches to protect consumers from AI-enabled voice cloning harms, proposed rules to crack down on AI-fueled impersonator and fake review fraud, and issued numerous business guidance alerts.

• Children and Teens: The Commission proposed strengthening the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act to make digital services safer and more secure for children, and to put the onus on providers rather than parents to keep kids’ data secure. The Commission has also been active in the enforcement arena, obtaining a record-breaking civil penalty settlement with Epic Games, and implementing substantive protections for teens as well, by mandating that settings default to protect their privacy. Our work in the educational technology space—including our case against Edmodo and policy statement on education technology—sent a strong message that businesses cannot outsource compliance when it comes to children’s privacy. 1 This Update covers the time period from January 2021 to December 2023. 2023 Privacy and Data Security Update FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION FTC.GOV 2

• Sensitive Data: As the privacy threats from data collection continue to grow, protecting the privacy and security of consumers' sensitive data has continued to be a top Commission priority. The Commission’s groundbreaking actions to safeguard health, biometric, and geolocation data—including BetterHelp, GoodRx Holdings, Premom, Flo Heath, RiteAid, and Kochava, along with the InMarket, X-Mode, and Avast cases that were filed after the time period covered by this update—demonstrate that our agency will not tolerate failures to protect consumers’ sensitive information at any stage in the data lifecycle

. • Market-wide Protections: The Commission initiated rulemaking initiatives to establish sensible and reasonable baselines that protect consumers and put honest businesses on a level playing field. These included amendments to require financial institutions to notify the FTC of large data breaches, notices of proposed rulemaking to clarify the application of the Health Breach Notification Rule to health apps and strengthen the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act Rule, and an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking to explore rules that would crack down on harmful commercial surveillance and lax data security.

While the work of the FTC’s attorneys, economists, investigators, technologists, and other specialists has made enormous strides in protecting the privacy and security of consumers’ information, there is much more that needs to be done. The explosive growth in data collection and the rapid pace of technological developments that allow information to be exploited in new ways demands action. The Commission has consistently called on Congress to restore its ability under Section 13(b) of the FTC Act to return money to consumers in federal court, and to pass comprehensive privacy legislation. As the data abuses described in this report makes clear, that ask is more urgent than ever.."
FTC Privacy and Data Security