Federal Role in U.S. Campaigns and Elections: An Overview

"Conventional wisdom holds that the federal government plays relatively little role in U.S. campaigns and elections. Although states retain authority for most aspects of election administration, a closer look reveals that the federal government also has steadily increased its presence in campaigns and elections in the past 50 years. Altogether, dozens of congressional committees and federal agencies could be involved in federal elections under current law.

Congress faces a complex mix of traditional oversight areas with developing ones throughout the elections field. Reports of foreign interference during the 2016 election cycle, and concerns about future interference, have raised the profile of campaigns and elections policy in Congress, at federal agencies, and beyond. As Congress considers these and other developing issues, this report provides the House and Senate with a resource for first understanding the current campaigns and elections regulatory structure. The report addresses those areas of law and public policy that most directly and routinely affect American campaigns and elections. This includes six broad categories of law through which Congress has assigned various agencies roles in regulating or supporting campaigns, elections, or both. These are campaign finance; election administration; election security; redistricting; qualifications and contested elections; and voting rights.

No single federal agency is in charge of the federal role in campaigns and elections, just as multiple statutes address various aspects of the field. The Election Assistance Commission and Federal Election Commission are devoted entirely to campaigns and elections. Congress has charged other departments and agencies—such as the Department of Justice, Department of Defense, and component organizations comprising the Intelligence Community—primarily with responsibilities for other areas of public policy, but also with supporting or administering campaigns and elections policy in specific cases. Other agencies or statutes may be relevant in specific cases..".
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Campaigns and elections

Presidential Nominating Process: Current Issues

"The presidential nominating calendar for 2012 is still unsettled, as some state and party officials continue to consider date changes for primaries and caucuses in response to recent scheduling changes. Consequently, the dates of the earliest contests in Iowa and New Hampshire are still unknown. These two states, along with South Carolina and Nevada, are exempt from both parties’ national rules that do not allow delegate selection contests to be held before the first Tuesday in March. On September 30, 2011, officials in Florida announced that the state will hold a January 31, 2012, primary, in violation of party rules, which prompted South Carolina and Nevada to schedule an unsanctioned event as well. South Carolina will hold its primary on January 21, and
Nevada Republicans have scheduled party caucuses for January 14. States that violate the timing
rules risk losing half their delegates..."