Studying Birds as Indicators of Ecosystem Health

"How can you tell where a tiny forage fish like the sand lance spends its days? Look at what’s eating it.

Popular recreational and commercial fishing species such as Atlantic cod, halibut, flounder and monkfish rely on sand lance as a staple of their diets. These forage fish are also on the menus for predators like humpback whales and many kinds of seabirds, including the great shearwater. However, sand lance are moderately vulnerable to changes in ocean and climate patterns, especially warming seas and ocean acidification. "The numbers of these forage fish (sand lance) fluctuate and have been relatively low in the past few years," explains David Wiley, research coordinator for Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Over the past several years, sanctuary scientists have been studying great shearwater populations to better understand the availability of food like the sand lance throughout the sanctuary..."
Birds and ecosystem health

State of the Birds 2011
"This year’s report provides the nation’s first assessment of the distribution of birds on public lands and helps public agencies identify which species have significant potential for conservation in each habitat. The state of our birds is a measurable indicator of how well we are doing as stewards of our environment. The signal is clear. Greater conservation efforts on public lands and waters are needed to realize the vision of a nation sustained economically and spiritually by abundant natural resources and spectacular wildlife..."

Birdwatchers No Featherweights in Contributions to Economy
"A new report released today by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service shows one of every five Americans watches birds, and in doing so, birdwatchers contributed $36 billion to the U.S. economy in 2006, the most recent year for which economic data are available. The report – Birding in the United States: A Demographic and Economic Analysis –shows that total participation in birdwatching is strong at 48 million, and remaining at a steady 20 percent of the U.S. population since 1996.

Participation rates vary, but are generally greater in the northern half of the country. The five top states with the greatest birding participation rates include Montana (40 percent), Maine (39 percent), Vermont (38 percent), Minnesota (33 percent) and Iowa (33 percent)..."

2009 Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey
"The preliminary estimate of total ducks from the 2009 Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey was 42 million, which is 13 percent greater than last year’s estimate and 25 percent greater than the 1955-2008 average, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced today.

The Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey samples more than two million square miles of waterfowl habitat across the north-central and northeastern United States, south-central, eastern, and northern Canada, and Alaska. The survey estimates the number of ducks on the continent's primary nesting grounds.

Overall, habitat conditions for breeding waterfowl in 2009 were better than conditions in 2008. The total pond estimate (Prairie Canada and United States combined) was 6.4 million. This was 45 percent above last year’s estimate of 4.4 million ponds and 31 percent above the long-term average of 4.9 million ponds..."

FAA National Wildlife Strike Database
"The FAA National Wildlife Strike Database contains strike reports that are voluntarily
reported to the FAA by pilots, airlines, airports and others. Current research
indicates that only about 20% of strikes are reported. Wildlife strike reporting is not
uniform as some organizations have more robust voluntary reporting procedures.
Because of variations in reporting, users are cautioned that the comparisons
between individual airports or airlines may be misleading."

State of Birds
"Birds are a priceless part of America’s heritage. They are beautiful, they are economically important—and they reflect the health of our environment. This State of the Birds report reveals troubling declines of bird populations during the past 40 years—a warning signal of the failing health of our ecosystems. At the same time, we see heartening evidence that strategic land management and conservation action can reverse declines of birds. This report calls attention to the collective efforts needed to protect nature’s resources for the benefit of people and wildlife."

WILDLIFE STRIKES TO CIVIL AIRCRAFT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1990–2007
"A mixed flock of blackbirds (red-winged blackbirds, common grackles, brown
-headed cowbirds) and European starlings descend into a wooded roosting area at dusk, less than 2 miles from a southern USA airport, 11 January 2007. Over 500 million blackbirds and starlings from Canada and the northern USA migrate to the southern USA each winter where they gather nightly in numerous roosts in marshes
and woodlots. Flight lines of birds entering to and departing from these roost
sites at dusk and dawn can pose a serious risk to aircraft at nearby airports. Airports should work with nearby communities to prevent large bird roosts from developing near airports. Photo, S. Stopak, USDA.

The most deadly civil (62 human fatalities, Massachusetts 1960) and military (34
fatalities, Netherlands 1996) bird strikes were caused by flocks of starlings."