COVID-19 Vaccines: Global Health Issues

"The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to severe health and economic consequences across the globe, with country governments struggling to contain the spread of the disease through physical lockdown and quarantine measures, while working towards vaccines, to prevent further morbidity (illness) and mortality (death). As of December 8, 2020, COVID-19 cases had reached roughly 67 million, with over 1.5 million deaths globally. The successful deployment of a COVID-19 vaccine globally could curb spread of the virus by aiding in creating herd immunity; whereby a high proportion of individuals within a population are resistant to infection based on pre-existing immunity (through vaccination and/or previous infection). At least 200 experimental COVID-19 vaccine candidates are under development worldwide. As of November 30, 2020, several companies, including Pfizer and Moderna, had requested emergency use authorization from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for their vaccine candidates. Vaccine development is typically a long, complex, and difficult process that can take decades. However, given the urgency of controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, governments, philanthropies, international organizations, scientists, and manufacturers are expediting research and development (R&D) for COVID-19 vaccines and other medical countermeasures. The stated goal of many entities is making a vaccine widely available within two years. These accelerated efforts include performing different stages of vaccine trials simultaneously, testing multiple vaccine and therapeutic candidates in coordinated clinical trials, and ramping up production and distribution capacity for when a vaccine candidate receives regulatory approval.
 

Congress appropriates funds for multilateral and bilateral global immunization activities in the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs, and Departments of Labor and Health and Human Services appropriations bills. These activities are implemented bilaterally by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and used in support of multilateral vaccine campaigns for diseases like polio and measles, led by groups like the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). The U.S. government is the second-largest contributor to global vaccination campaigns. During the COVID-19 pandemic, however, U.S. engagement with the international community has been seen as uneven. On the one hand, U.S. agencies such as the FDA are collaborating with international counterparts on COVID-19 vaccines development regulation. On the other hand, the U.S. government has not joined new multilateral and international efforts for COVID-19 vaccine development..."
COVID-19 vaccines