"In its sex discrimination decisions, the United States Supreme Court not only has defined the
applicability of the equal protection guarantees of the Constitution and the nondiscriminatory
policies of federal statutes, but also has rejected the use of gender stereotypes and has continued
to recognize the discriminatory effect of gender hostility in the workplace and in schools. This
report focuses on sex discrimination challenges based on: the equal protection guarantees of the
Fourteenth and Fifth Amendments; the prohibition against employment discrimination contained
in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; and the prohibition against sex discrimination in
education contained in Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Although this report
focuses on recent legal developments in each of these areas, this report also provides historical
context by discussing selected landmark sex discrimination cases..."
Sex discrimination
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